Manifestations and Factors Associated with Child Malnutrition in Children Under Five Years of Age in Latin America

Abstract

Introduction: Malnutrition is a serious problem that has persisted over time in Latin American and Caribbean countries. One of the most affected groups is children, who require large amounts of nutrients for proper growth, especially during early childhood. Objective: To analyze the main manifestations and factors associated with child malnutrition in children under five years of age in Latin America, based on the available scientific evidence. Materials and Methods: A descriptive literature review was conducted. The search and selection of publications followed the stages of identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion, represented by a flowchart based on the PRISMA guidelines. Information from the selected studies was systematized using a data extraction matrix and analyzed through a narrative and descriptive synthesis. Results: Sixteen studies in different Latin American countries were included. The findings identified stunting associated with chronic malnutrition as one of the main manifestations, with the greatest impact on indigenous, rural, and socioeconomically vulnerable populations. Notable associated factors included poverty, socioeconomic inequalities, food insecurity, and dietary practices. Conclusion: Stunted growth stood out among the manifestations of malnutrition studied, with a greater impact on indigenous, rural, and socioeconomically vulnerable populations. The associations identified support the importance of considering economic, educational, and dietary conditions in child nutrition care.