Historical Transformation and Evolution of Education: Its Social Role in the Development of Society

Abstract

This research focuses on the historical transformation and evolution of education and its social function in the development of society, addressing a fundamental problem: understanding how educational changes at both international and national levels have influenced social cohesion, equity, and human development, as well as the current challenges faced by educational systems in fulfilling their social role. This issue arises amid growing inequalities and educational gaps evident in contemporary contexts, especially in countries like Ecuador. To address this problem, a qualitative methodology based on documentary analysis was adopted. A systematic collection of academic texts, institutional reports, and official documents covering different historical periods and geographical contexts was conducted, with a time frame ranging from classical antiquity to the present. The sample included 20 representative texts, selected for their relevance and theoretical contribution, which were analyzed through critical bibliographic review techniques. The results reveal that education has historically played a dual role: on one hand, as a mechanism of social reproduction, and on the other, as an agent of transformation and emancipation. Key milestones in pedagogical evolution were identified, along with contemporary challenges related to inclusion, equity, and adaptation to technological advances. In the national context, bilingual intercultural education and recent reforms stand out as efforts to reduce inequalities. Finally, the research concludes that education should be conceived as a dynamic and contextualized process that promotes social justice and sustainable development, requiring comprehensive policies to strengthen its social function in the present and future.